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Local entrainment across a TNTI and a TTI in a turbulent forced fountain
- Jingzi Huang, Henry C. Burridge, Maarten van Reeuwijk
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 977 / 25 December 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 December 2023, A13
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Local instantaneous exchanges of volume, momentum and buoyancy across turbulent/non-turbulent interfaces (TNTIs) and turbulent/turbulent interfaces (TTIs) are studied using data from direct numerical simulations of a turbulent forced fountain. We apply a novel algorithm that enables independent calculation of the instantaneous local entrainment and detrainment fluxes, and therefore, for the first time, the entrainment and detrainment coefficients according to the fountain model (Bloomfield & Kerr, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 424, 2000, pp. 197–216) are determined explicitly. Across the interface between the fountain and the ambient fluid, which is a TNTI, only volume entrainment occurs, and it is well predicted by the fountain model. Across the interface between the rising upflow and falling downflow within the fountain, which is a TTI, both entrainment and detrainment of volume, momentum and buoyancy occur – with the magnitude of both entrainment and detrainment typically being large compared with the net for all exchanges. However, the model seems to be unable to capture the momentum exchanges due to its ignorance of the pressure. We find that each conditional entrainment and detrainment rate, of volume, momentum and buoyancy, can be described accurately by Gaussian profiles, while the net exchange that is the superposition of the entrainment and detrainment cannot. Moreover, the entrainment exchange rate has its maximum closer to the fountain centreline than that of detrainment, explaining the tendency for net entrainment closer to the fountain centreline and net detrainment further away.
The internal structure of forced fountains
- Jingzi Huang, Henry C. Burridge, Maarten van Reeuwijk
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 961 / 25 April 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 April 2023, A31
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We study the mixing processes inside a forced fountain using data from direct numerical simulation. The outer boundary of the fountain with the ambient is a turbulent/non-turbulent interface. Inside the fountain, two internal boundaries, both turbulent/turbulent interfaces, are identified: (i) the classical boundary between upflow and downflow which is composed of the loci of points of zero mean vertical velocity; and (ii) the streamline that separates the mean flow emitted by the source from the entrained fluid from the ambient (the separatrix). We show that entrainment due to turbulent fluxes across the internal boundary is at least as important as that by the mean flow. However, entrainment by the turbulence behaves substantively differently from that by the mean flow and cannot be modelled using the same assumptions. This presents a challenge for existing models of turbulent fountains and other environmental flows that evolve inside turbulent environments.
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. 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- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Introduction of a Waterless Hand Gel Was Associated With a Reduced Rate of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit
- Lisa G. Winston, Sue C. Felt, Wei-Hsiang Huang, Henry F. Chambers III
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- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 25 / Issue 12 / December 2004
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- 02 January 2015, pp. 1015-1016
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- December 2004
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Occurrence and characterization of hypovirulence in the tan sclerotial isolate S10 of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
- Guo-Quing LI, Henry C. HUANG, André LAROCHE, Surya N. ACHARYA
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- Mycological Research / Volume 107 / Issue 11 / November 2003
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- 28 January 2004, pp. 1350-1360
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- November 2003
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Spontaneously-occurring hypovirulence in the tan sclerotial isolate S10 of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from sunflower in Canada was characterized and compared to another hypovirulent isolate Ep-1PN of S. sclerotiorum from eggplant in China. Hypovirulent isolates derived from S10 were purified by single hyphal tip isolations from colonies of S10 showing abnormal growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and tested for pathogenicity on leaves of canola (Brassica napus cv. ‘Westar’). These abnormal isolates differed from the virulent isolate wtS10 derived from a normal colony of S10 by the reduced hyphal growth, induced production of abnormal hyphal branches, enhanced production of brown pigments, reduced sclerotial formation on PDA, reduced oxalic acid accumulation in potato dextrose broth, and reduced pathogenicity on canola. Vegetative transfers revealed that the hypovirulence phenotype of the hypovirulent isolate S10-2A-11 was stable. This preliminary in vitro transmission test indicated that the hypovirulence in the isolate S10-2A-11 was transmissible but at a lower rate than that of the hypovirulent isolate Ep-1PN. Double-stranded ribonucleic acids (dsRNAs) were detected in isolate Ep-1PN, but not in hypovirulent and virulent isolates derived from S10. The existence of dsRNA-free hypovirulence in S10 progenies suggests that another hypovirulence mechanism may exist in S. sclerotiorum.